Congenital Vertical Retraction Syndrome
Congenital Vertical Retraction Syndrome
Aberrant regeneration of the oculomotor nerve; concurrent protective eyelid closure; congenital alterations in the extraocular muscle, its insertion, and its peripheral innervation; nystagmus retractorius; surgical or traumatic rearrangement of orbital structures may account for retraction.
Khodadoust AA, von Noorden GK. Bilateral vertical retraction syndrome: a family study. Arch Ophthalmol 1967; 78: 606-612.
Osher RH, et al. Acquired orbital retraction syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol 1980; 98: 1798-1802.
Pesando P. Vertical retraction syndrome. Ophthalmologica 1978; 177:254-259.
Aberrant regeneration of the oculomotor nerve; concurrent protective eyelid closure; congenital alterations in the extraocular muscle, its insertion, and its peripheral innervation; nystagmus retractorius; surgical or traumatic rearrangement of orbital structures may account for retraction.
Khodadoust AA, von Noorden GK. Bilateral vertical retraction syndrome: a family study. Arch Ophthalmol 1967; 78: 606-612.
Osher RH, et al. Acquired orbital retraction syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol 1980; 98: 1798-1802.
Pesando P. Vertical retraction syndrome. Ophthalmologica 1978; 177:254-259.
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