Craniocervical Syndrome
Craniocervical Syndrome (Whiplash Injury)
General: Disturbed accommodation is due to a central lesion rather than a peripheral lesion of the ciliary muscle; Homer syndrome observed where a palsy of the cervical sympathetics occurs (see Homer Syndrome).
Ocular: General ocular pain; enophthalmos; mild ptosis; reduced ability to accommodate; disturbance in ocular movements; primarily those extraocular muscles innervated by the oculomotor nerve are involved; convergence insufficiency; nystagmus (gaze direction and vestibular, central, peripheral, and mixed type); vestibular impairment in more than 50% of cases; asthenopia; fogging; double vision; miosis; mydriasis; retinal arteriolar pressure may show changes in systolic and diastolic pressure and be more pronounced than changes in the brachial blood pressure; decreased stereoacuity; vitreous detachment.
Clinical: Headache; vertigo; dizziness; neck and back pain.
Bonica JJ. Hyperextension and hyperflexion cervical injuries. The Management of Pain. vols. I and II. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1990:854-856.
Burke JP, et al. Whiplash and its effect on the visual system. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1992; 230:335-339.
Evans RW. Some observations on whiplash injuries. Neural Clin 1992; 10:975-997.
Narazaki S, et al. The ophthalmic disturbance as the craniocervical syndrome due to whiplash injury. Jpn J Ophthalmol 1969; 13:263.
Wiesinger H, Guerry D III. Augenveranderungen bei "whiplash." Verletzungen Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 1961; 139:841.
General: Disturbed accommodation is due to a central lesion rather than a peripheral lesion of the ciliary muscle; Homer syndrome observed where a palsy of the cervical sympathetics occurs (see Homer Syndrome).
Ocular: General ocular pain; enophthalmos; mild ptosis; reduced ability to accommodate; disturbance in ocular movements; primarily those extraocular muscles innervated by the oculomotor nerve are involved; convergence insufficiency; nystagmus (gaze direction and vestibular, central, peripheral, and mixed type); vestibular impairment in more than 50% of cases; asthenopia; fogging; double vision; miosis; mydriasis; retinal arteriolar pressure may show changes in systolic and diastolic pressure and be more pronounced than changes in the brachial blood pressure; decreased stereoacuity; vitreous detachment.
Clinical: Headache; vertigo; dizziness; neck and back pain.
Bonica JJ. Hyperextension and hyperflexion cervical injuries. The Management of Pain. vols. I and II. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1990:854-856.
Burke JP, et al. Whiplash and its effect on the visual system. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1992; 230:335-339.
Evans RW. Some observations on whiplash injuries. Neural Clin 1992; 10:975-997.
Narazaki S, et al. The ophthalmic disturbance as the craniocervical syndrome due to whiplash injury. Jpn J Ophthalmol 1969; 13:263.
Wiesinger H, Guerry D III. Augenveranderungen bei "whiplash." Verletzungen Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 1961; 139:841.
0 Comments:
Post a Comment
Links to this post:
Create a Link
<< Home